Docksides, yards, other areas subject to heavy loads use steel slag for both sur- face and sub-ballast. From this and the added fluxing agents molten slag and iron are formed. the steel slag output is initially stockpiled in the steel plants and, eventually, sent to slag disposal sites. Some typical mechanical properties of steelmaking slag are as follows. Varied applications of Steel Slag Some of the established applications of steel slag outside India include its usage as an aggregate for road construction, as rail ballast, for land and mine fill, in paver blocks and bricks, for cement and for agriculture as a soil conditioner. In addition, it is easy to separate from water due to its high density. google_ad_height = 250; Steelmaking slag is an integral part of the steelmaking process. At the same time the abrasion resistance tends to be enhanced (Anastasiou and Papayianni, 2006). Steel slag, the main material of Triton, has high mineral content such as calcium and iron, which are useful for marine ecosystems than general aggregates. Hence, the volume stability is a key criterion for using steelmaking slags as a construction material. In 2006, 10-15 million metric ton of steel slag was generated in the U.S. Out of the total steel slag produced in the U.S. every year, about 50-70% is used as aggregate for road and pavement construction and USA … Since most of the steel produced in the world is by BOF and EAF processes, hence slag from these processes is discussed in this article. Steel slag is used for dressing and for Usage in other construction materials – Steelmaking slag can be used in preparing glass ceramics. For example, Wuhan Iron and Steel Company used. Slags are nonmetallic byproducts of many metallurgical operations and consist primarily of calcium, magnesium, and aluminum silicates in various combinations. In the production of iron, the blast furnace is charged with iron ore, fluxing agents, usually limestone and dolomite, and coke as fuel and the (4) Proper processing of steel slag and special quality-control procedures are extremely important in selecting steel slag for use in asphalt paving mixes. "But there is great potential here for three industries to work together - steel making, wastewater treatment and construction - and reap the maximum benefits of this by-product." No-21). Many of the residuals are encased within a glassy matrix. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081024805000075, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000136, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003688000075, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128005170000022, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000057, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000100, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000124, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081024447000046, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000094, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128173695000106, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, 2018, New Trends in Eco-efficient and Recycled Concrete, EUROSLAG; Liu et al., 2013; Nippon slag association, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Das et al., 2007; Juckes, 2003; Mahieux et al., 2009; Poh et al., 2006; Shen et al., 2009; Waligora et al., 2010; Xuequan et al., 1999, Johnson et al., 2003; Huaiwei and Xin, 2011; Rosales et al., 2017, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Barra et al., 2001; Luxán et al., 2000; Manso et al., 2006; Tsakiridis et al., 2008; Israel Sosa, 2017, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Manso et al., 2013; Nicolae et al., 2007; Qian et al., 2002; Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2006; Branca et al., 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2009; Setién et al., 2009; Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2010; Montenegro et al., 2013, EUROSLAG; Liu et al., 2013; Nippon Slag Association, Ministerio de Fomento – Gobierno de España, 2008; Martín-Morales et al., 2011, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Barra et al., 2001; Luxán et al., 2000; Manso et al., 2006; Tsakiridis et al., 2008, Tossavainen et al., 2007; Adolfsson et al., 2007; Nicolae et al., 2007; Yildirim and Prezzi, 2011, Manso et al., 2013; Qian et al., 2002; Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2006, 2010; Branca et al., 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2009; Setién et al., 2009; Montenegro et al., 2013, Slag use in cement manufacture and cementitious applications, The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, Asaga, Shibata, Hirano, Goto, & Daimon, 1981; Duda, 1987; Narang & Chopra, 1983, The laboratory results are inconclusive in determining the efficiency of intergrinding, Asaga et al., 1981; Duda, 1987; Narang & Chopra, 1983, The Indian experience of steel slag application in civil engineering, Ivanka Netinger Grubeša, ... Samitinjay S. Bansode, in, Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction, Self-Sensing Concrete in Smart Structures, Usability criteria for slag use in rigid matrices, Carbon dioxide sequestration using steel slag—modeling and experimental investigation, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, Usability criteria for slag use as a granular material, Sersale, Amicarelli, Frigione et al., 1986; Shi, 2004, Properties of SCC with industrial by-products as aggregates, Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties and Applications, Slow cooling (air cooled), crushing, sieving, Rapid cooling (water cooled), gridding (<100 μm), Crystalline, strength, high skid resistance, Slow cooling, moistened, crushing, sieving, Crystalline, strength, dense, high skid resistance. ), and slag formed in tundish during continuous casting of steel (also known as tundish slag). Steel furnace slag typically forms a very angular, durable aggregate that makes it ideal for use in the transportation industry. The main uses of Slag are in construction, water treatment, agriculture, cementitious applications. The steel slag used was the converter steel slag with 1.5% f-CaO (by mass). Approximately 40% of iron and steel slag products, and 60% of blast furnace slag, are used in cement. We find 48 products about steel slag uses from 13 manufacturers & suppliers. The Environmental Benefits of Steel and Steel Slag Base course material containing iron and steel slag as well as asphalt mixture containing iron and steel slag were designated as a procurement item under the Green Procurement Law . From: Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, 2018. Steel slag has now gained much attention because of its new applications. It primarily consists of silicates, alumina silicates, calcium aluminum silicates, iron oxides and crystalline compounds. In addition, another process is being developed in which the liquid slag is poured between twin-rolls and cooled very rapidly. NATIONAL SLAG ASSOCIATION www.nationalslagassoc.org NATIONAL SLAG MF 182-6 ASSOCIATION PROPERTIES AND USES OF IRON AND STEEL SLAGS D. W. Lewis, National Slag Association Presented at Symposium on Slag National Institute for Transport and Road Research South Africa, February, 1982 (Statistical updates for 1992 have been provided) Steel slag has great potential for the construction of highway Also, a suitable addition of steelmaking slag can reduce the firing temperature needed for clay bricks. which causes the slag to react with steam in a vessel under high pressure (6 kg/sq cm to 10 kg/sq cm). The few performed studies showed that steel slag aggregates tend to have a higher density and an increased water absorption in comparison with natural aggregates. Slag is the collection of compounds that are removed. Utilization of steel slag in civil engineering applications can alleviate the need for their disposal and reduce the use of natural resources. Ground steel slag has been used in several different cementing systems. The efforts have been made in Tata steel that LD slag after grinding to 300 mesh, can be used as a soil conditioner in paddy field, tea gardens etc (Basu et al., 2002). Most of SS is landfilled, which represents a significant economic loss and a waste of valuable land space. The electric arc furnace slag aggregates showed tendency to expand, which is related to the presence of certain volumetrically unstable periclase and free line (Evangelista and de Brito, 2010). The matrix is soluble and releases calcium and manganese oxides, which can increase the pH of the dissolving fluid to a level of 10 or 11. This process leads to a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Steel slag with high basicity and being cooled properly can exhibit cementing property. Qatar: The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME), the British Transport Research Institute (TRL), Qatar Steel and Ashghal have been running a pilot project to use steel slag in the construction sector including to build roads. View at: Google Scholar; I. Akinwumi, “Soil modification by the application of steel slag,” Periodica Polytechnica: Civil … in which the slag is immersed in hot water, and ?high pressure aging treatment? In case of the removal of copper using steelmaking slag, the major mechanisms are adsorption and precipitation. There are two main types of slag: blast furnace and metallurgical slags. In addition to these three components, it also contains components such as FeO, MnO, and P2O5, so it has been used for a broad range of agricultural purposes. This steel can be recycled. Slag is used all over the world in road and railway construction and for engineering, and has many advantages over natural rock. Not only can the Triton facilitate the growth of marine algae, but it can also promote photosynthesis, thus restoring the marine ecosystem and diversifying coastal organisms as well. The fineness of slag is also an important factor influencing the activity, and the potential cementitious property of slag fines significantly increases with their fineness. Steelmaking slag volumes have been reduced on commercial scale from about 140 kg t −1 steel to 60 kg t −1 steel. Steelmaking slag contains around 10 % of scrap which comes from the refining process or from some of the processing vessel (e.g. The removal mechanism includes the co-precipitation and adsorption of CaCO3. Usage in the production of cement and concrete – The presence of C3S, C2S and C4AF endorse steelmaking slag cementitious properties. Further in order to increase the scrap recovery ratio and to improve the quality of scrap recovered, the crushing and magnetic separation process is repeated several times. (ISC) process in which the hot slag is first poured into a steel box for accelerated cooling/solidification and then subjected to water sprinkling and immersion cooling, and the rapid cooling process in which the liquid slag is poured into a special drum and cooled rapidly by sprinkling water over the slag. The first is the normal aging treatment, in which the hydration reaction is allowed to take place by nature in the yard, while the second process consists of accelerated aging treatment in which the hydration reaction is induced to complete in a shorter period of time. Steel slag is currently utilized both to treat wastewater, and as a concrete aggregate. results, on average 2.9%, have shown that steel slag aggregates are applicable for use in asphalt mixture production. It is a potential material for ceramic production. Enter your e-mail address and your password. Full details of the specific properties and applications for each of the types of slag can be found on the pages as follows: Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag (ABS) Air-cooled Basic Oxygen Steel Slag (BOS) The use of slag cement has demonstrated long-term performance enhancements allowing designers to reduce the environmental footprint of concrete while ensuring improved performance and increased durability. About 1% of these are ice machines, 1% are other machinery & industry equipment. Very little mineral crystallization … The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the steel slag are shown in Figure 2. In recent years, steam aging treatment or high pressure aging treatment is often applied to steelmaking slag to ensure moderate, uniform expansion of the slag, especially when the slag is to be used, for example, for road base course material, where expansion can become a major problem. Steelmaking slag is mainly calcium alumino silicate. As a measure to prevent this, the steelmaking slag is subjected to the aging treatment process, whereby the following hydration reaction is completed by the time the slag is put to use. LD steel slag as fertilizer in agriculture. It also minimizes any re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace and used to make solid metal. Usage in hot metal dephosphorization – Nippon Steel Corporation (NSC) has developed the MURC (Multi-Refining Converter) process, in which dephosphorization and decarbonization are conducted in the same converter. However, this method requires a considerable amount of time to cool the hot slag down to a workable temperature and requires a spacious yard. Steel LD slag has been successfully used as a substitute for limestone to neutralize soil acidity in agricultural soils for many years, and research has shown slag use to be comparable to or superior to limestone in some cases. Create your account. The use of slag in road engineering dates back to the era of the Roman Empire, i.e. Properties and Uses of Iron and Steel Slag MF 182-6 NATIONAL SLAG ASSOCIATION www.nationalslagassoc.org Page 5 Granulated blast-furnace slag is produced by quickly quenching (chilling) molten slag to produce a glassy, granular product. CO2 is one of the primary green-house gases, which gives great contribution to the climate change. The grindability index of steelmaking slag is 0.7, in contrast with the value of 0.96 and 1.0 for blast furnace slag and standard sand respectively. They have moderate water absorption (less than 3 %). Steel LD slag can also be used in fertilizers for agricultural applications (Das et al., 2007). Air-cooled iron slag and steel slag are used primarily as aggregates in concrete (air-cooled iron slag only); asphaltic paving, fill, and road bases; both slag types also can be used as a feed for cement kilns. Australia: Boral Australia has launched Innovo, an asphalt system product that uses steel slag as a raw material amongst other recyclables. The permeability of the slag is reduced when it is compacted or grounded into smaller particles. Uses in flue gas desulphurization and CO2 capture – The method of flue gas desulphurization includes wet process, dry process and semi-dry process, among which wet limestone/lime method is most widely used. The properties of slag greatly influence its use and thus had got varied applications. Hence, steelmaking slag ground into fine powder can be used as cement additives and concrete admixtures. Produced during the separation of molten steel from impurities, steel slag is often used as a substitute aggregate material for making concrete. These include the air granulation process, in which a high pressure gas is blown onto the liquid slag to solidify and granulate the slag while it is being cooled, the ?instantaneous slag chill? This development is of particular significance since the supply of low-phosphorous iron ores is diminishing at an ever increasing rate. Usage in sinter mix -Steelmaking slag contains high percentage of CaO (mostly above 50 %). Use of Steel Slag in Subgrade Applications Introduction The steelmaking industries in the U.S. generate 10-15 million tons of steel slag every year. In many smelting processes, oxides are introduced to control the slag chemistry, assisting in the removal of impurities and protecting the furnace refractorylining from excess… It is a recovered industrial by-product of an iron blast furnace. Hence, after cooling, the slag is crushed and the scrap is recovered by magnetic separation. The steel slag is used as a secondary cementitious binder, or aggregates for road construction (Sheen et al., 2013; Manso et al., 2004). Qatar: The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME), the British Transport Research Institute (TRL), Qatar Steel and Ashghal have been running a pilot project to use steel slag in the construction sector including to build roads. Physical properties of steel slag (De Brito and Saika, 2013). It is of particular importance that CaO and MgO contained in the flux remain partly inactive in in the slag or crystallize while the slag is solidified and cooled. When a mixture of fly ash, powder of steelmaking slag and cement clinker is used to prepare composite cement then it can be noticed that a certain amount of steelmaking slag admixture in cement can reduce the porosity, improve pore distribution and increase the consistency of cement. A better understanding of the properties of steel slag is requir- Also, a suitable addition of steelmaking slag can reduce the firing temperature needed for clay bricks. The slag generated in the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) and electric arc furnace (EAF) is of basic nature while the slag is of acidic nature in induction furnace because of the use of silica ramming mass as the lining material. The combined use of steelmaking slag and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can decompose organic pollutions due to the ferrous ion produced from FeO in steelmaking slag reacting with H2O2 to form Fenton’s reagent which has strong oxidation. Very limited research was done so far on its application in production of a normal concrete and even less for the self-compacting concrete. Usage in road and hydraulic construction – Steelmaking slag can be processed to aggregates of high quality comparable with those of natural aggregates because of its high strength and durability. Download as PDF. 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